Stellate Ganglion Block Long COVID Treatment Shows High Success Rate in Symptom Relief

Stellate Ganglion Block Long COVID Treatment Shows High Success Rate in Symptom Relief

The Albany Clinic • August 11, 2024

Stellate ganglion block (SGB) is gaining attention for treating long COVID symptoms such as fatigue and brain fog. This article explores the effectiveness of stellate ganglion block long COVID treatment, how it works, and its potential benefits for long COVID patients.


Key Takeaways

  • Stellate Ganglion Block (SGB) is showing high success rates in alleviating long COVID symptoms like fatigue, brain fog, and shortness of breath, providing much-needed relief to patients.
  • SGB works by modulating the autonomic nervous system and improving blood flow to the brain, which helps reduce chronic sympathetic hyperactivity and regulate immune and inflammatory responses.
  • Studies, including one by Dr. Luke D. Liu, have shown that 86% of patients experienced a reduction in long COVID symptoms post-SGB treatment, highlighting its potential as a breakthrough therapy.

Understanding Long COVID and Its Symptoms

Long COVID is a term used for an array of new, recurring, or persistent health issues that develop post COVID-19 infection. These issues can vary in nature and severity. Approximately 10% of people experience long COVID symptoms, which can persist for months or even years after the initial infection. The complexity of managing this condition is due to its impact on multiple organ systems. Some common symptoms of long COVID include:

  • Fatigue
  • Shortness of breath
  • Brain fog
  • Muscle and joint pain
  • Chest pain
  • Headaches
  • Loss of taste or smell
  • Sleep disturbances


It is important for individuals experiencing long COVID symptoms to seek medical attention and work with healthcare professionals to manage their condition.


Common symptoms of long COVID include:

  • Fatigue, which may resemble chronic fatigue syndrome (affecting approximately 52.8% of patients)
  • Cognitive disorders, including brain fog and memory impairment (prevalent in about 35.4% of long COVID patients)
  • Musculoskeletal pain (experienced by roughly 27.8% of individuals suffering from long COVID)


These initial symptoms reported, including muscle pain, can severely impact daily life, making even simple tasks challenging due to physical or mental exertion. Despite the prevalent nature of these symptoms, effective treatments for long COVID are surprisingly scarce. This has left many patients in a state of limbo, searching for relief from their debilitating conditions. The introduction of Stellate Ganglion Block as a potential treatment offers a glimmer of hope for those affected by chronic pain management practice.

Illustration of a person experiencing fatigue, brain fog, and muscle pain

What is Stellate Ganglion Block (SGB)?

Stellate Ganglion Block (SGB) is a procedure used to diagnose or treat sympathetically maintained pain, nerve injuries, shingles, or intractable angina. Historically, SGB has been employed in the treatment of various medical conditions such as complex regional pain syndrome and peripheral vascular disease. More recently, it has gained attention for its application in managing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) due to its sedative effects and ability to block neural connections.


In this procedure, a local anesthetic is injected into the stellate ganglion, a nerve cluster in the neck. This block can effectively disrupt the sympathetic nervous system’s signals, providing relief from pain and other symptoms. Given its success in other conditions, researchers are now exploring its potential to alleviate long COVID symptoms, offering a new avenue for relief.

The Mechanism Behind SGB for Long COVID

The promising results of SGB in treating long COVID symptoms can be attributed to its impact on the autonomic nervous system (ANS). SGB can alleviate long COVID symptoms by:


  • Modulating the ANS
  • Correcting sympathetic hyperactivity, a characteristic of long COVID
  • Resetting autonomic function
  • Addressing the chronic sympathetic hyperresponsiveness seen in many long COVID patients.


But how exactly does this work? The answer lies in two primary mechanisms: increased blood flow to the brain and the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses, including the early systemic inflammatory response. We should now examine these intriguing processes in more detail.

Abstract illustration representing Stellate Ganglion Block procedure

Case Studies and Research Findings

The efficacy of SGB in treating long COVID symptoms is supported by compelling research findings. In a study conducted by Dr. Luke D. Liu and Research Coordinator Deborah L. Duricka, the following results were observed:


  • 86% of patients experienced a reduction in their symptoms following SGB treatment
  • Common symptoms assessed included fatigue, brain fog, shortness of breath, and joint pain
  • Fatigue was reported by 85% of participants


These findings provide strong evidence for the effectiveness of SGB in alleviating long COVID symptoms.

The resolution of symptoms such as fatigue and brain fog was often reported within 15 minutes to a few weeks after the SGB procedure. These positive outcomes make SGB a promising treatment option for patients suffering from long COVID syndrome. We should now delve into specific patient improvements and data analysis in greater detail.


Patient Improvements

Following SGB treatment, patients reported immediate or swift alleviation of symptoms, particularly fatigue and brain fog. For instance, a 44-year-old woman with long COVID experienced symptoms like loss of smell and taste, mental fogginess, headache, and shortness of breath. After receiving SGB, she experienced immediate improvement in taste, smell, mental clarity, concentration, memory, and recall.

Only two patients experienced a return of symptoms, with one relapse linked to another viral illness. The highly favorable patient response and noticeable improvement in symptoms underscore the potential of SGB as a breakthrough treatment for long COVID.


Data Analysis and Outcomes

Statistical analysis of the study showed significant symptom relief across various ensuing post acute symptoms in severe trauma patients, including cognitive and respiratory issues, with p-values below 0.001 for most symptoms. The study had limitations such as a small sample size. There was also a potential bias due to only including patients who completed post-procedural follow-up.


Ethical considerations were also paramount, with all patients signing informed consent for the procedure and subsequent data collection. Despite these limitations, the positive outcomes of the study provide a strong foundation for further research into SGB as a treatment for long COVID.

Illustration of a patient experiencing symptom reduction after SGB treatment

Procedure and Safety of SGB

The Stellate Ganglion Block (SGB) procedure involves:

  • Administering an anesthetic at the C6 or C7 vertebral level, guided by anatomical landmarks such as the Chassignac’s tubercle, cricoid cartilage, and carotid artery.
  • During the procedure, the patient lies on their back with a rolled sheet between their shoulder blades, and the neck is cleansed with antiseptic.
  • The injection is administered using a small needle.
  • The local anesthetic takes 10 to 20 minutes to take full effect.


Expected temporary changes include drooping of the eyelid, a bloodshot eye, a stuffy nose, temperature increase on the injected side, and hoarseness. While these changes are typically short-lived, patients should be aware of potential risks such as seizure, pneumothorax, brachial plexus block, spinal or epidural block, allergic reactions, nerve damage, and bruising at the injection site.



To enhance precision and safety, physicians should use ultrasound guidance during SGB procedures. Patients should also inform their doctor if they have:

  • an active infection
  • uncontrolled cough
  • high blood pressure
  • are on blood thinners


These are contraindications.  Generally, SGB is seen as a low-risk procedure with substantial potential benefits for those suffering from long COVID.

Expert Opinions and Theories

Medical professionals and experts have explored various theories for why SGB may be effective in treating long COVID symptoms. According to Fischer et al., SGB could disrupt overactive processes within nerve-immune-inflammation feedback loops by modulating the autonomic nervous system. This modulation enables the self-regulation of these processes. This disruption helps to reset the autonomic nervous system, reducing the chronic sympathetic hyperactivity seen in long COVID patients.


Lipov et al. proposed another theory, suggesting that the therapeutic action of SGB might predominantly engage sympathetic block-mediated peripheral vasodilation, albeit the mechanism could be more complex. The timing of using SGB in managing long COVID syndrome may also be crucial. This is because the level of neuroadaptation that has taken place could impact the SGB’s effectiveness.

Future Directions and Further Research

To affirm the efficacy of SGB in treating long COVID symptoms, further research is indispensable. Double-blind placebo-controlled trials are crucial for validating the results and understanding the underlying therapeutic mechanisms and long-term effects of SGB. Additionally, research should focus on the role of ultrasound guidance, specific anesthesia, and the optimal timing of SGB to avoid diminished effectiveness due to neuroadaptive changes. Incorporating diagnostic and therapeutic strategies into these studies will help to ensure a comprehensive understanding of the treatment’s potential.


Further studies are also needed to determine the most effective local anesthetic for SGB in long COVID patients. Investigating gender differences in symptom presentation and resolution in response to SGB could provide valuable insights for personalized treatment strategies.

Advice for Patients and Physicians

Patients considering SGB for long COVID should be informed of the following:


  • The majority of patients experience symptom relief, with 86% of one study cohort reporting improvement.
  • Potential side effects include hoarseness and transient Horner’s syndrome.
  • Promptly reporting any adverse effects post-SGB is essential for timely management.


Administering SGB in a timely manner is vital as any delay could lead to neuroadaptive changes, reducing its effectiveness. Physicians should consider SGB as a potential adjunctive treatment modality for patients suffering from long COVID, especially those with persistent symptoms that have not responded to other treatments.

Conclusion & Where To Find Help

The Albany Clinic in Carbondale, Illinois, offers expert care and support for long COVID patients, providing SGB treatment. This clinic uses state-of-the-art ultrasound guidance to enhance precision and safety during the procedure. If you are local to Carbondale, seeking treatment at The Albany Clinic could be a promising step towards symptom relief and recovery.


Though the journey through long COVID can be daunting, the advent of emerging treatments like SGB brings hope for brighter days ahead. Engaging with knowledgeable healthcare providers and staying informed about the latest research can empower patients to make the best decisions for their health.


Summary

In summary, Stellate Ganglion Block (SGB) offers a promising treatment option for long COVID patients. By modulating the autonomic nervous system and influencing immune and inflammatory responses, SGB can significantly reduce symptoms like fatigue, brain fog, and muscle pain. The high success rates observed in studies provide a strong foundation for considering SGB as a breakthrough treatment.


As research continues to evolve, further studies will help refine the procedure and optimize its efficacy. For now, SGB stands as a beacon of hope for those struggling with the persistent and disabling symptoms of long COVID. Seeking expert care and staying informed are key steps towards recovery.


Frequently Asked Questions


What is Stellate Ganglion Block (SGB)?

Stellate Ganglion Block (SGB) is a procedure that entails injecting a local anesthetic into the stellate ganglion, which is a cluster of nerves in the neck. It is utilized to address sympathetically maintained pain, nerve injuries, and, more recently, long COVID symptoms.


How does SGB help with long COVID symptoms?

SGB can help with long COVID symptoms by modulating the autonomic nervous system, increasing blood flow to the brain, and regulating immune and inflammatory responses, which can alleviate symptoms such as fatigue, brain fog, and muscle pain.


What are the potential side effects of SGB?

The potential side effects of SGB include temporary changes such as drooping eyelid, bloodshot eye, stuffy nose, temperature increase on the injected side, and hoarseness, and more serious risks like seizure, pneumothorax, and nerve damage.


Who should consider SGB for long COVID?

Patients experiencing persistent long COVID symptoms that have not responded to other treatments should consider SGB after consulting with a healthcare provider to evaluate suitability and potential benefits.


Where can I receive SGB treatment for long COVID?

You can receive SGB treatment for long COVID at The Albany Clinic in Carbondale, Illinois, which provides expert care and support using state-of-the-art ultrasound guidance for enhanced precision and safety during the procedure.

35 Albany Rd. Suite A Carbondale, IL 62903

Phone:     (888) 804-4330

Cited Source(s):
  1. Liu, Luke D, and Deborah L Duricka. “Stellate ganglion block reduces symptoms of Long COVID: A case series.” Journal of neuroimmunology vol. 362 (2022): 577784. doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577784
  2. Duricka D, Liu L. Reduction of long COVID symptoms after stellate ganglion block: A retrospective chart review study. Auton Neurosci. 2024 Aug;254:103195. doi: 10.1016/j.autneu.2024.103195. Epub 2024 Jun 13. PMID: 38901177.
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By Kimberly Mercille May 27, 2025
Stellate Ganglion Block (SGB) is an emerging mental health treatment that targets key mechanisms linked to depression. In this article, we’ll discuss the science behind SGB and its potential benefits. If you or someone you know is struggling with depression, this information can help you make an informed decision about whether SGB might be the right option. What is a Stellate Ganglion Block (SGB)? What is the Stellate Ganglion? The stellate ganglion is a cluster of sympathetic nerves located on each side of the neck near the first rib. These nerves are part of the autonomic nervous system, which controls automatic body functions like heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion. The term "stellate" means "star-shaped" because the ganglion often looks like a star under a microscope. It helps regulate the body's stress response by controlling norepinephrine, a chemical that triggers the fight-or-flight reaction. When this system becomes overactive, it can cause various physical and psychological problems, including depression. Stellate ganglion block (SGB) therapy may help by reducing the activity of the stellate ganglion, calming the fight-or-flight response, and lessening the damaging effects of prolonged nervous system stress. How Does Stellate Ganglion Block Work? Stellate Ganglion block (SGB) is when a local anesthetic is injected near the stellate ganglion. These drugs inhibit transmission between nerve cells, dampening activity in the ganglion. They typically include lidocaine, bupivacaine, or mepivacaine, which are sometimes combined with a steroid medication. Patients may also receive another medication to relax them before treatment. SGB is typically performed using ultrasound guidance . The injection process lasts no more than 10 minutes, but patients will motinoted for another 30-45 minutes after treatment to ensure their safety. How Does Stellate Ganglion Block Work for Depression? Chronic stress is a major contributor to depression and is often linked to an overactive sympathetic nervous system. People with depression commonly show high levels of cortisol, a hormone that plays a key role in the body's stress response, in their blood stream. Cortisol is helpful in small doses, but when chronically elevated, it can disrupt neural circuits in the brain. Excessive cortisol can lead to: Neurotoxicity - Cortisol can be toxic to nerve cells, especially in the hippocampus, which is crucial for memory and emotional regulation. Overinflammation - Cortisol increases the activity of the body’s natural defense system, resulting in the system causing damage to nerve cells. Impaired synaptic plasticity - Cortisol inhibits the capacity for the brain to “re-wire” itself. This makes it harder for people to adapt to stressful situations and learn new patterns of behaviour. Disrupted sleep - High cortisol can prevent people from sleeping well. During sleep, restorative biological processes occur in the brain, and excess cortisol can prevent these from happening. SGB decreases sympathetic nervous system activity, which can reduce cortisol levels. This can help restore function in brain areas and pathways associated with positive mood, emotional regulation, and stress resilience. Evidence Supporting SGB for Depression To date, there’s very limited evidence supporting the use of SGB for depression. One pilot study found that SGP significantly reduced depression symptoms in people with treatment-resistant depression (TRD) and was well-tolerated. However, there was no significant difference to the placebo group and the sample size was very small. Nonetheless, multiple lines of research show that SGB can alleviate symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which shares similarities with depression. In a trial of SGB for PTSD , participants reported significantly lower scores of depression following treatment. Who May Benefit from SGB for Depression? SGB is primarily utilized for treating PTSD, so individuals with PTSD who also experience depression may find SGB beneficial. Additionally, SGB has shown potential in alleviating anxiety symptoms, suggesting it may be advantageous for those dealing with both depression and anxiety. Because SGB isn’t approved by the FDA, it is typically only used when standard treatments like antidepressants and psychotherapy haven’t worked. SGB is an “off-label” treatment, much like ketamine therapy or brain stimulation therapies. Importantly, SGB may not be suitable for everyone because of medical reasons. Contraindications include: Recent myocardial infarction Coagulopathy or anticoagulant therapy Glaucoma Pre-existing contralateral phrenic nerve palsy Severe emphysema Cardiac conduction block Potential Risks and Side Effects of SGB Common Side Effects Most side effects of SGB are temporary and resolve as the anesthetic wears off. These may include: Hoarseness or Voice Changes: The proximity of the stellate ganglion to nerves controlling the voice box can lead to temporary hoarseness. Drooping Eyelid (Ptosis): Temporary drooping of the eyelid on the side of the injection may occur. Red or Bloodshot Eyes: Some individuals may notice redness in the eyes following the procedure. Watery Eyes and Nasal Congestion: Increased tearing and nasal stuffiness are possible but typically short-lived. Sensation of a Lump in the Throat and Difficulty Swallowing: Some individuals may experience a sensation of a lump in the throat and have difficulty swallowing after the procedure. Warmth or Tingling in the Arm or Hand: A warm or tingling sensation in the affected limb may be experienced temporarily. Although uncommon, some individuals may experience more serious complications, such as nerve damage, seizures, and allergic reactions. Given the potential risks, patients interested in SGB at the Albany Clinic will have an in-depth consultation with one of our qualified healthcare professionals before undergoing treatment. They can assess your medical history, current health status, and the potential benefits and risks of the procedure in your specific case. SGB for Depression in Illinois If you're in the Carbondale area and interested in the potential benefits of SGB for depression, the Albany Clinic is here to help. We specialize in innovative mental health treatments, including SGB, which has been shown to provide rapid relief from mental health symptoms, with effects lasting several weeks. Our experienced team offers personalized support, guiding you through every step—from determining if SGB is the right option for you to exploring alternative treatments and financial considerations. Contact us today to learn more about how we can support your mental health journey.
By Matt Rodriguez May 7, 2025
Long COVID is a condition in which symptoms–such as brain fog, fatigue, and shortness of breath—persist for months after a COVID-19 infection. Researchers are still working to understand why this happens and how to treat it. One potential therapy being explored is the stellate ganglion block (SGB) , a procedure that numbs a cluster of nerves in the neck. In the article, we’ll explore the science behind SGB and long COVID and the evidence supporting its use.
By Matt Rodriguez April 1, 2025
Finding effective depression treatment can be challenging, especially when cost and insurance coverage add to the stress. Fortunately, for individuals in Illinois, several advanced, insurance-backed options are available beyond traditional antidepressants and therapy. This article explores innovative treatments for depression that are available at our Albany Clinic in Carbondale. Addressing the Need for Affordable Depression Relief in Illinois Depression remains a significant public health concern in Illinois. In 2023, data showed that 18.1% of all adults in the state had a doctor's diagnosis of a depressive disorder . Traditional first-line treatments for depression include medications such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). However, these are not universally effective; approximately one-third of patients are treatment-resistant. Even when these medications do work, they often take a long time to produce noticeable improvements, and unpleasant side effects can deter their use. Talk therapies , such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and psychodynamic therapy, are also strongly recommended. These treatments can have hugely beneficial effects, but it can require a lot of time commitment for results to show. Moreover, not all therapists accept insurance–especially for those practicing more specialized forms–making the treatment inaccessible for many. Spravato (Esketamine) for Depression What is Spravato, and how does it work? Spravato is an FDA-approved nasal spray that contains esketamine, a derivative of ketamine. Like ketamine, esketamine treats depression by interacting with NMDA receptors , proteins that play a key role in learning and memory. This interaction triggers several neurological processes, including neuroplasticity —the strengthening and forming of connections between nerve cells. Enhanced plasticity may improve the function of nerve circuits responsible for mood regulation, increasing overall well-being. A typical Spravato treatment involves sessions administered under medical supervision, starting with twice-weekly doses and then tapering as appropriate. Whereas antidepressants typically take around four weeks to show an effect, Spravato can have rapid action at alleviating symptoms. A study found that Spravato significantly reduced depression symptoms compared to a placebo drug within just 24 hours of administration. Does Insurance cover Spravato? Due to its FDA approval, Spravato is covered by most major insurance plans in Illinois, including Medicare and Medicaid. However, only patients with a formal diagnosis of treatment-resistant depression (TRD) or major depressive disorder with suicidal ideation (MDSI) are eligible for the treatment. While the medication is usually covered by insurance, patients may still have out-of-pocket costs , including copays , deductibles , and pre-treatment medical evaluations . Your exact expenses will depend on your specific insurance plan. At the Albany Clinic, we’re here to help you understand your costs and maximize your coverage. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) Therapy What is TMS, and how does it work? TMS therapy is a noninvasive procedure that uses magnetic fields to stimulate underactive regions of the brain associated with mood regulation. In depression, TMS targets the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) , which is often less active in individuals with the condition. TMS therapy works by: Inducing electrical activity in neurons , prompting the release of neurotransmitters involved in mood and motivation. Increasing the activity of neural circuits responsible for mood regulation. Enhancing neuroplasticity , potentially “re-wiring” nerve circuits associated with unhealthy thinking and behavior. The treatment protocol typically consists of daily sessions over several weeks. Each session lasts about 20-40 minutes, during which patients remain awake and alert. Does insurance cover TMS? Since TMS therapy is FDA-approved, some major insurance providers in Illinois cover costs, but unfortunately, the state’s Medicaid does not. If you're considering TMS, check with your insurance provider to see if your plan includes coverage, as eligibility and benefits vary. At the Albany Clinic, we're here to help clarify details and explore options to make treatment more affordable. IV Ketamine Infusion Therapy What is an IV ketamine infusion and how does it work? IV ketamine infusion therapy involves administering ketamine intravenously at sub-anesthetic doses . This approach has shown rapid and robust antidepressant effects, especially in individuals with treatment-resistant depression. IV ketamine shares the same mechanism as Spravato but tends to have more rapid-acting effects. A standard course includes multiple infusions over a set period, with each session lasting approximately one hour. Does insurance cover IV ketamine? Unlike Spravato and TMS, IV ketamine infusion therapy is not FDA-approved for depression treatment and instead is used “ off-label .” This means most insurance plans don’t accept ketamine, and coverage is limited. However, some insurance companies may reimburse some of the treatment costs, such as the evaluation and management part. At the Albany Clinic, we’ll provide you with all the documentation to submit a claim to your insurance provider, but full payment is required before each procedure. Navigating Insurance for Depression Treatment Understanding insurance coverage for depression treatments can be complex. Here are steps to help streamline the process: Verify Coverage : Contact your insurance provider to inquire about treatment coverage specifics. Some insurers require a history of treatment failures with traditional antidepressants before approving coverage for these advanced therapies. Obtain Pre-Authorization : Many insurers require pre-authorization for certain treatments. Ensure all necessary approvals are secured before initiating therapy. The Albany Clinic's administrative team can assist in submitting pre-authorization requests. Understand Financial Responsibilities : Clarify any co-pays, deductibles, or out-of-pocket expenses associated with your treatment plan. Consult Our Team : The Albany Clinic's administrative staff is experienced in navigating insurance processes and can assist you in understanding and managing the financial aspects of your treatment. We also provide financial counseling to help patients explore payment plans and reimbursement options. Going Forward Navigating insurance for depression treatment can be complex, but you don’t have to do it alone. At The Albany Clinic , we’re dedicated to helping patients access effective, insurance-backed treatments while minimizing out-of-pocket costs. Contact us today to learn more about your options and take the next step toward relief.